Critical Discourse Analysis Online News of Covid-19 Has Changed The World Of Education ( Teun Model A . Van Dijk )

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/matondang.v1i1.580 Abstract: This aims of the article is to Analysis Critical Discourse Online News of Covid-19 Has Changed the World of Education. This research is a qualitative research using the method of documentation and content analysis of media texts. The result of shows that Critical discourse analysis using the Teun A. Van Dijk method of news taken from online media, namely kompas.com, regarding the Covid-19 statement has changed the world of education. The analysis is carried out on the elements of the text which are divided into macro and micro structures. Based on the analysis that has been done, it is found that discourse fulfills most of the macro and micro elements. All elements are found in this analysis.


I. Introduction
In the digital era and in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic that is hitting the earth, finding information about the emerging cases, namely online news, is an easy target for the public to collect this very important information. Mass media in the form of information presented in the form of discourse by individuals or groups. Mass media according to its role functions as a provider of information, a personal identity provider, a means of integration and social interaction, as well as a means of entertainment. Baryadi in Fitriana (2019) states that the terms discourse and discourse are used in linguistic terms. Discourse is the most complete unit in a complete hierarchy, so that it can be understood by readers, both in the form of spoken and written conversations, always reflecting the results of social interaction. (Kridalaksana, 2008:259;Purwoko, 2008:10). There is a difference in the use of the term between oral discourse and written text. The term text refers more too oral, while the term discourse refers more to writing that has a news structure that contains an event published in a newspaper. In this discourse analysis, our object is focused on one of the existing mass media, namely newspapers. In newspaper coverage, we often find discrepancies that occur. Sometimes between two newspapers, the same news will have different impressions if we compare them. Of course this can make the reader confused and wonder, which information is really accurate. To try to analyze the discourse, we will find out the hidden motives/ideology behind the news text in a simple, deeper and deeper way of reading this is called discourse analysis. And in this discussion the author tries to analyze the structure of the discourse contained in the crime news in the KOMPAS newspaper entitled Government: Covid-19 has changed the world of education. To clarify the understanding of the content of the news presented, the formulation of the problem is as follows: 1. how is the process of analyzing the discourse of a news story? 2. What is the context of the Government's news discourse: Covid-19 has changed the world of education. One of the most widely used methods is the Van Dijk method. Discourse by Van Dijk is described as having three dimensions/buildings: text, social cognition, and social context. The essence of van Dijk's analysis is to combine the three dimensions of discourse into one ISSN: 2828-1942(Online) Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2022 unified analysis. In the text dimension, what is examined is how the structure of the text and the discourse strategies used to emphasize a certain theme. At the level of social cognition, the process of producing news texts involves the individual cognition of journalists. While the third aspect studies the discourse building that develops in society about a problem. The model from van Dijk's analysis can be described as follows: This study focuses on the discussion in the text section. Van Dijk sees a text as consisting of several structures/levels, each of which supports each other. He divided it into three levels. First, the macro structure. This is the global/general meaning of a text that can be observed by looking at the topic or theme that is put forward in a news story. Second, the superstructure, namely the structure of discourse related to the framework of a text, how the parts of the text are arranged into the news as a whole. Third, the micro structure is the meaning of discourse that can be observed from a small part of a text, namely words, sentences, propositions, clauses, paraphrases, and pictures. Kridalaksana (2008) states that "Discourse is the most complete unit in the highest or largest grammatical hierarchy". Furthermore, it is explained that as a complete language unit, then in the discourse there are complete concepts, ideas, thoughts or ideas, so that they can be understood by the reader in written discourse) or listeners (in spoken discourse). The writing presented by the news writer is information that should be accurate, but often we get news A and news B with the same theme but with different explanations and details, so we don't know which information is truly accurate. But by trying to analyze the discourse, wewill find out the motives or ideologies hidden behind the news text in a simple way. This more in-depth and far-reaching way of reading is known as discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis is a method of studying the use of language that departs from the critical paradigm. This view wants to correct the constructivism view which only limits the process of forming a discourse as an effort to reveal the hidden intentions of the subject who puts forward a statement, without considering the production process that occurs historically or institutionally (Eriyanto, 2001). According to Jorgensen and Philips (2007) that critical discourse analysis provides theories and methods that can be used to conduct empirical studies of the relationships Text Text cognition Context between discourse and social and cultural development in different social domains. Furthermore, Jorgensen and Philips stated that the purpose of critical discourse analysis is to explain the linguistic dimension of discourse on social and cultural phenomena and the process of change in current modernity.

Teun A. van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis
Several experts have developed many discourse analysis models, one of which is the Van Dijk model which is the most widely used model. This may be because Van Dijk formulates discourse elements, so that they can be used practically. The model used by Van Dijk is often called as "social cognition". According to Van Dijk, research on discourse is not enough just to be based on an analysis of the text alone, because the text is only the result of a production practicewhich should also be observed. Here it must also be seen how a text is produced, so that we gain a knowledge of why a text can be like that (Eriyanto, 2001). Van Dijk's working model sees a discourse as consisting of various structures/levels, each of which supports each other. VanDijk divides it into three levels, namely: 1. Macro structure; which is the global/general meaning of a text that can be understood by looking at the topic of a text. 2. Superstructure; is the outline of a text. How the structure and elements are arranged in a text as a whole. 3. Micro structure; namely the meaning of discourse that can be observed by analyzing the words, sentences, propositions, and clauses used. According to van Dijk (in Eriyanto, 2005), although it consists of several elements, all of these elements are a unit, interconnected and support one another. The global meaning of a text (theme) is supported by the text framework, and ultimately the choice of words and sentences used.

Macro Structure (Theme/Topic)
The themes or topics in the three news stories have something in common, namely the statement from the Ministry of Education and Culture in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, each news item has a different sub-theme or category, namely the first news focused on the learning process in the midst of the corona virus pandemic. The second news focuses on cutting education budgets to tackle the coronavirus; and the third news focuses on learning scenarios in the new academic year in the midst of covid-19.

Superstructure (Schematic)
Based on the scheme, each report begins with a title as a summary. The lead section describes the subject that becomes a reference and leads the reader to the main discourse. Based on the analytical framework of news tables 1 to news 3, it can be seen that every news item starts with a title. The first story is entitled "Acknowledges Learning Amid a Pandemic Is Not Easy, Nadiem Prioritizes the Health of Education Actors"; the second news item entitled "Nadiem Makarim Proposes a Budget Cut of the Ministry of Education and Culture of IDR 5 Trillion"; the third news item entitled "Mendikbud Prepares Scenarios to Start a New Academic Year in the Midst of a Pandemic".

Microstructure (Semantics: Setting, Detail, Intent, and Presupposition)
Semantics in van Dijk's scheme are categorized as local meanings, namely meanings that arise from relationships between sentences, relationships between propositions that build certain meanings in a text building. Discourse analysis focuses a lot of attention on text dimensions such as explicit or implicit meanings, hidden meanings. The element that can affect the semantics or the meaning of the word to be conveyed is the background. Setting is an element of discourse that can be used to justify ideas proposed in a text.

Micro Structure (Syntax: Sentence Form, Coherence, Pronouns)
Syntax as a branch of linguistics discusses the ins and outs of discourse, sentences, clauses and phrases. The strategy at this level is the use of coherence and sentence form. Coherence according to Wohl (1978) (in Sobur, 2004 is a neat arrangement of reality and ideas, facts and ideas into a logical strand making it easier to understand the message it contains.

Microstructure (Stylistic: Lexicon)
According to Sudjiman (1993:13) (in Sobur, 2004 stylistics is a style, which is a way used by a speaker or writer to express his intention by using language or can be translated as a style of language. Language style includes diction or lexical choice, sentence structure, and others. Lexical choices used in language can show certain attitudes and ideologies.

Microstructure (Rhetorical: Graphics, Metaphors. Expressions)
Rhetoric is the style that is expressed when someone speaks or writes. For example, the use of words that are hyperbolic or excessive or long-winded. Rhetoric has a persuasive function. Its use, among other things, with repetition and alliteration (words that start with the same as a rhyme), as a strategy to attract attention or emphasize a certain side to be noticed. Rhetorical strategy is in interaction, namely how the speaker places or positions himself among the audience

III. Research Methods
This research is a qualitative research using the method of documentation and content analysis of media texts. The documentation method is used to find data about things or variables in the form of notes, transcripts, magazines, agendas and others (Arikunto, 2013: 265). The documentation process is directed at online news discourse with the theme of the statement from the Ministry of Education and Culture in the midst of the corona virus pandemic. The data contained in the discourse on online news can be used as evidence in conducting research. Research begins with identification, classification, and interpretation. (Arikunto, 2013: 278). The study uses a discourse analysis model of Teun van Dijk which in practice looks at social phenomena in society (Eriyanto, 2009:227). The analysis was carried out on Micro Structure (semantics: background, details, intent, presuppositions), Micro Structure (syntax: sentence form, coherence, pronouns), Micro Structure (stylistic: lexicon), Micro Structure (rhetorical: graphic, metaphor. expression) on every discourse. The data analysis used in this research is descriptive-qualitative data analysis, namely data that has been collected through procedures and presented simply using words. In analyzing data descriptively, there are several stages that must be passed, namely: data reduction, data description, data classification, data interpretation, and inference.

Macro Structure
Thematic: Theme/Topic Statement of the Ministry of Education and Culture in the midst of Covid-19 which has changed the education system in Indonesia.
Schematic/Schematic Superstructure Elementsummaryexplaining the title is not an easy thing to do in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic. While the lead element explains that this action is carried out to prioritize the health of students and teachers. In terms of story, content and closing, it is said that the government prioritizes public health.
Semantic Microstructure: Background, details, Meaning, presumption, Nominality Elementbackgrounddiscussing learning in the midst of a pandemic. The detail element discusses the government prioritizing health. The element of intent explains explicitly the government's desire to continue to implement learning more effectively. The presupposition element of distance learning is carried out to improve conditions so that they do not get worse, prevent the virus and break the chain of transmission.
Syntax Microstructure: sentence form Coherence, pronouns. The element of the sentence form of this opinion is to explain the deductive pattern because it states the learning process in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic with explanatory sentences. The element of coherence explains that this word of learning that is repeated over and over again is a unified discussion, namely the learning process in the midst of COVID-19. The pronoun element uses our name in place of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the government authorities.
Stylistic Microstructure: Lexicon (Word selection) The lexicon element describes the word online which is a euphemism of the word online exchange of information.
Or exchange of information with the internet.
Rhetorical Microstructure: Graphics, Metaphors Expression Graphic elements explain the difficult state of education in the midst of the corona virus pandemic.

V. Conclusion
Critical discourse analysis using the Teun A. Van Dijk method of news taken from online media, namely kompas.com, regarding the Covid-19 statement has changed the world of education. The analysis is carried out on the elements of the text which are divided into macro and micro structures. Based on the analysis that has been done, it is found that discourse fulfills most of the macro and micro elements. All elements are found in this analysis.