Islamic Political Parties in Contemporary Bangladesh: Paragons of Democratic Politics, or Rent-Seeking Parasites?
Main Article Content
Abstract
A variety of Islamic political parties proliferate the South and South-East Asian nations, most of which advocate a sharia-based form of government. This paper articulates the political participation of Islamic parties in Bangladesh and attempts to delineate the nature of their participation in more recent times. While Islamic political parties in Bangladesh fall between a range of political ideologies, their activities, especially their nature of participation in the 2018 general elections, were far removed from those stated ideologies and fell more in-line with exploitative rent-seeking models of politics.
Article Details
How to Cite
Hajjaj, B. (2022). Islamic Political Parties in Contemporary Bangladesh: Paragons of Democratic Politics, or Rent-Seeking Parasites?. Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics, 2(4), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.33258/polit.v2i4.776
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References
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Ahmed, E., & Nazneen, D. (1990, August). Islam in Bangladesh: revivalism or power politics. Asian Survey, 30(8), 795-808.
Almond, G., & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Amin, M. A. (2017, May 19). Jaitya Party led alliance splits. The Daily Sun. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Sun. Retrieved from https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/227444/Jatiya-Partyled-alliance-splits
Antara, N. F. (2018, August 28). Will BNP maintain ties with Jamaat? Dhaka Tribune. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/08/28/will-bnp-maintain-ties-with-jamaat
Azmeh, W. (2016). Misconceptions about the Caliphate in Islam. Digest of Middle East Studies, 25(2), 227-263.
Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 1095-1118.
Bhattacharjee, P. P. (2020, February 7). Islami Andolan Bangladesh: blessed or just filling the void? The Daily Star. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/islami-andolan-bangladesh-blessed-or-just-filling-the-void-1864492
Bose, S. (1986). Agrarian Bengal: economy, social structure and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chowdhury, M. H. (2017, July 29). New Islamist alliance seeks to ride on Awami League in next election. Bdnews24. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bdnews24.com. Retrieved from https://bdnews24.com/politics/2017/07/29/new-islamist-alliance-seeks-to-ride-on-awami-league-in-next-election
Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In A. Hamlin, & P. Pettit, The Good Polity (pp. 17-34). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Correspendent. (2018, September 7). Zaker party chair meets BJP leader. The Daily Sun. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Sun. Retrieved from https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/334323/Zaker-Party-chair-meets-BJP-leader/2018-09-07
Correspondent, S. (2018, November 23). নির্বাচনে ‘হারিকেন’ প্রতীকে ববি হাজ্জাজের জোট. Retrieved from BanglaNews24.com: https://www.banglanews24.com/election-comission/news/bd/687060.details?fbclid=IwAR2BDZ6Kjhjzr4UVETgva1h21K7Cd-RPBYgkhls0PT872EDvbuqJQxJ741c
Correspondent, S. (2019, February 1). Bobby Hajjaj's party NDM gets EC registration. Retrieved from BdNews24.com: https://bdnews24.com/politics/2019/02/01/bobby-hajjajs-party-ndm-gets-ec-registration
Dabla-Norris, E., & Wade, P. (2001, February). Rent Seeking and Endogenous Income Inequality. IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund.
Diamond, L., & Gunther, R. (2001). Types and functions of parties. In L. Diamond, & R. Gunther, Political Parties and Democracy (pp. 3-39). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Duverger, M. (1967). Political Parties. London: Lowe & Brydon Ltd. .
Hasan, R. (2018, December 8). Islamic parties in alliance: only Tarikat gets AL's blessing. JS Polls 2018. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/islamic-parties-alliance-only-tarikat-gets-als-blessing-1670791
Hilgers, T. (2012). Introduction. In T. Hilgers, Clientelism in everyday Latin American politics (pp. 3-24). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hossain, A. A. (2015). Contested national identity and political crisis in Bangladesh: historical analysis of the dynamics of Bangladeshi society and politics. Asian Journal of Political Science, 23(3), 366-396.
Islam, M. S. (2011). Political violence in Bangladesh. In A. Riaz, & C. C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 27-45). New York, NY: Routledge.
Islam, S. (2007). Protest movements and insurgencies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In S. Islam, Hitory of Bangladesh 1704-1971: political history (pp. 101-125). Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Islami Andolan, O. p. (2020, July 21). ইসলামী আন্দোলন বাংলাদেশ-এর পরিচিতি. Retrieved from Islamiandolanbd.org: http://www.islamiandolanbd.org/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/
Jahan, R. (2015). Political Parties in Bangladesh: challenges of democratization. Dhaka: Prothoma Prokashon.
Jalal, A. (1994). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kabir, M. G. (1987). Religion, language and nationalism in Bangladesh. Journal of Conetmporary Asia, 17(4), 473-487.
Kaufman, R. R. (1974). The patron-client concept and macro-politics: prospects and problems. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(3), 284-308.
Khan, K. (2013). Distributive consideration in institutional change: the case of Zia's Islamization policy in Pakistan. Constitutional Political Economy, 24, 139-165.
Khan, S., Islam, S., & Haque, M. (2008). Political Culture, Political Parties and Democratic Transition in Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
Khan, Z. R. (1985). Islam and Bengali nationalism. Asian Survey, 25(8), 832-851.
Khelafat Majlish, O. w. (2020, July 21). সাংগঠনিক লক্ষ্য. Retrieved from khelafat-majlis.org: https://khelafat-majlis.org/category/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a0%e0%a6%a8/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a0%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af/
Kochanek, S. A. (2000, May-June). Governance, patronage politics, and democratic transition in Bangladesh. Asian Survey, 40(3), 530-550.
Krueger, A. (1974). The political economy of the rent-seeking society. American Economic Review, 64, 291-303.
Kubicek, P. (2015). Political Islam and Democracy in the Muslim World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Lapalombara, J., & Weiner, M. (1966). Political Parties and Political development. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: government forms and performace in thirty-six countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, A. (2008). Thinking About Democracy: power sharing and majority rule in theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
Limaye, Y. (2018, December 30). Bangladesh election: opposition demands new vote. BBC News. London, UK: BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46716605
Limaye, Y. (2018, December 30). Bangladesh elections: deadly clashes mar vote. BBC News. London, UK: BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46603113
Lorch, J. (2019). Islamization by secular ruling parties: the case for Bangladesh. Politics and Religion, 12(2), 257-282.
Malik, H. (1986). Martial law and Islamization in Pakistan. Orient, 27(4), 583-605.
Maniruzzaman, T. (2013). The All India Muslim League: a social analysis 1906-1946. Dhaka: Sucheepatra.
Murphy, K., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1993). Why is rent seeking so costly to growth? American Economic Review, 83, 409-414.
Murshid, T. M. (1997). State, nation, identity: the quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 20(2), 1-34.
Nazar, M. (2016). Islamic political parties and the nature of politics in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Political Science, 24(2), 237-265.
Nettler, R. L. (2002). Islam, politics and democracy: Mohamed Talbi and Islamic modernism. The Political Quarterly, 71(1), 50-59.
Parmentier, M. J. (1999). Secularization and Islamization in Morocco and Algeria. The Journal of North African Studies, 4(4), 27-50.
Piattoni, S. (2001). Clientelism in historical and comparative perspective. In S. Piattoni, Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: the European experience in historical and comparative perspective (pp. 1-30). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Powell, J. D. (1970). Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics. American Political Science Review, 64(2), 411-426.
Release, P. (2018, July 28). Zaker party to take part in nat'l polls. The Independent. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Independent. Retrieved from http://m.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/159733/2018-07-28
Riaz , A., & Fair, C. C. (2011). Introduction. In A. Riaz, & C. C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: Routledge.
Riaz, A. (2014). Islamist parties, election and democracy in Bangladesh. In M. Quinn, & C. Julie, Islamist Parties and Political Normalization in the Muslim World (pp. 156-174). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University Press.
Riaz, A. (2016). Bangladesh: a political history since independence . London: I B Tauris.
Riaz, A. (2017). Lived Islam & Islamism in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Prothoma Prokashan.
Riaz, A. (2019). Voting in a Hybrid Regime: explaining the 2018 Bangladeshi election. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riaz, A., & Naser, M. (2011). Islamist politics and popular culture. In A. Riaz , & C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 136-152). New York : Routledge.
Riaz, A., & Raji, A. R. (2011). Who are the Islamists? In A. Riaz, & C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 46-70). New York, NY: Routledge.
Riaz, A., & Raji, K. (2011). Who are the Islamists? In A. Riaz , & C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 46-70). New York: Routledge.
Roniger, L. (1990). Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil. New York, NY: Praeger.
Salih, M. A., & El-Tom, A. O. (2009). Introduction. In M. A. Salih, Interpreting Islamic Political Parties (pp. 1-28). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sartori, G. (2005). Parties and Party Systems: a framework for analysis. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Shakil, S. T. (2018, May 19). Vote politics: the silent rise of Islami Andolan. Dhaka Tribune. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/05/19/vote-politics-the-silent-rise-of-islami-andolan
Siddiqui, K. (1985). Primary goals and achievements of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. In K. Siddiqui, Issues in the Islamic Movement, 1983-84 (1403-04). London: Open Press.
Sinno, A. H., & Khanani, A. (2009). Of opportunities and organization? when do Islamist parties choose to compete electorally? In M. A. Salih, Interpreting Islamic Political Parties (pp. 29-50). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Soage, A. B. (2014). Shura and Democracy: two sides of the same coin? Religion Compass, 8(3), 90-103.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality: how today's divided society endangers our future. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
Tullock, G. (1993). Rent Seeking. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar.
UNB. (2018, November 11). JSD, Tarikat Federation want to use 'Boat' symbol. United News of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: United News of Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://unb.com.bd/category/Politics/jsd-tarikat-federation-want-to-use-boat-symbol/6239
Voll, J. O. (2007). Islam and democracy: is modernization a barrier. Religion Compass, 1(1), 170-178.
Ware, A. (1996). Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ahmad, I. (2009). Genealogy of the Islamic state: reflections on Maududi's political thought and Islamism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 15, 145-162.
Ahmed, E., & Nazneen, D. (1990, August). Islam in Bangladesh: revivalism or power politics. Asian Survey, 30(8), 795-808.
Almond, G., & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Amin, M. A. (2017, May 19). Jaitya Party led alliance splits. The Daily Sun. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Sun. Retrieved from https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/227444/Jatiya-Partyled-alliance-splits
Antara, N. F. (2018, August 28). Will BNP maintain ties with Jamaat? Dhaka Tribune. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/08/28/will-bnp-maintain-ties-with-jamaat
Azmeh, W. (2016). Misconceptions about the Caliphate in Islam. Digest of Middle East Studies, 25(2), 227-263.
Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 1095-1118.
Bhattacharjee, P. P. (2020, February 7). Islami Andolan Bangladesh: blessed or just filling the void? The Daily Star. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/islami-andolan-bangladesh-blessed-or-just-filling-the-void-1864492
Bose, S. (1986). Agrarian Bengal: economy, social structure and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chowdhury, M. H. (2017, July 29). New Islamist alliance seeks to ride on Awami League in next election. Bdnews24. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bdnews24.com. Retrieved from https://bdnews24.com/politics/2017/07/29/new-islamist-alliance-seeks-to-ride-on-awami-league-in-next-election
Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In A. Hamlin, & P. Pettit, The Good Polity (pp. 17-34). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Correspendent. (2018, September 7). Zaker party chair meets BJP leader. The Daily Sun. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Sun. Retrieved from https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/334323/Zaker-Party-chair-meets-BJP-leader/2018-09-07
Correspondent, S. (2018, November 23). নির্বাচনে ‘হারিকেন’ প্রতীকে ববি হাজ্জাজের জোট. Retrieved from BanglaNews24.com: https://www.banglanews24.com/election-comission/news/bd/687060.details?fbclid=IwAR2BDZ6Kjhjzr4UVETgva1h21K7Cd-RPBYgkhls0PT872EDvbuqJQxJ741c
Correspondent, S. (2019, February 1). Bobby Hajjaj's party NDM gets EC registration. Retrieved from BdNews24.com: https://bdnews24.com/politics/2019/02/01/bobby-hajjajs-party-ndm-gets-ec-registration
Dabla-Norris, E., & Wade, P. (2001, February). Rent Seeking and Endogenous Income Inequality. IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund.
Diamond, L., & Gunther, R. (2001). Types and functions of parties. In L. Diamond, & R. Gunther, Political Parties and Democracy (pp. 3-39). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Duverger, M. (1967). Political Parties. London: Lowe & Brydon Ltd. .
Hasan, R. (2018, December 8). Islamic parties in alliance: only Tarikat gets AL's blessing. JS Polls 2018. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/islamic-parties-alliance-only-tarikat-gets-als-blessing-1670791
Hilgers, T. (2012). Introduction. In T. Hilgers, Clientelism in everyday Latin American politics (pp. 3-24). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hossain, A. A. (2015). Contested national identity and political crisis in Bangladesh: historical analysis of the dynamics of Bangladeshi society and politics. Asian Journal of Political Science, 23(3), 366-396.
Islam, M. S. (2011). Political violence in Bangladesh. In A. Riaz, & C. C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 27-45). New York, NY: Routledge.
Islam, S. (2007). Protest movements and insurgencies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In S. Islam, Hitory of Bangladesh 1704-1971: political history (pp. 101-125). Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Islami Andolan, O. p. (2020, July 21). ইসলামী আন্দোলন বাংলাদেশ-এর পরিচিতি. Retrieved from Islamiandolanbd.org: http://www.islamiandolanbd.org/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/
Jahan, R. (2015). Political Parties in Bangladesh: challenges of democratization. Dhaka: Prothoma Prokashon.
Jalal, A. (1994). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kabir, M. G. (1987). Religion, language and nationalism in Bangladesh. Journal of Conetmporary Asia, 17(4), 473-487.
Kaufman, R. R. (1974). The patron-client concept and macro-politics: prospects and problems. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(3), 284-308.
Khan, K. (2013). Distributive consideration in institutional change: the case of Zia's Islamization policy in Pakistan. Constitutional Political Economy, 24, 139-165.
Khan, S., Islam, S., & Haque, M. (2008). Political Culture, Political Parties and Democratic Transition in Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
Khan, Z. R. (1985). Islam and Bengali nationalism. Asian Survey, 25(8), 832-851.
Khelafat Majlish, O. w. (2020, July 21). সাংগঠনিক লক্ষ্য. Retrieved from khelafat-majlis.org: https://khelafat-majlis.org/category/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a0%e0%a6%a8/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a0%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af/
Kochanek, S. A. (2000, May-June). Governance, patronage politics, and democratic transition in Bangladesh. Asian Survey, 40(3), 530-550.
Krueger, A. (1974). The political economy of the rent-seeking society. American Economic Review, 64, 291-303.
Kubicek, P. (2015). Political Islam and Democracy in the Muslim World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Lapalombara, J., & Weiner, M. (1966). Political Parties and Political development. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: government forms and performace in thirty-six countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, A. (2008). Thinking About Democracy: power sharing and majority rule in theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
Limaye, Y. (2018, December 30). Bangladesh election: opposition demands new vote. BBC News. London, UK: BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46716605
Limaye, Y. (2018, December 30). Bangladesh elections: deadly clashes mar vote. BBC News. London, UK: BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46603113
Lorch, J. (2019). Islamization by secular ruling parties: the case for Bangladesh. Politics and Religion, 12(2), 257-282.
Malik, H. (1986). Martial law and Islamization in Pakistan. Orient, 27(4), 583-605.
Maniruzzaman, T. (2013). The All India Muslim League: a social analysis 1906-1946. Dhaka: Sucheepatra.
Murphy, K., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1993). Why is rent seeking so costly to growth? American Economic Review, 83, 409-414.
Murshid, T. M. (1997). State, nation, identity: the quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 20(2), 1-34.
Nazar, M. (2016). Islamic political parties and the nature of politics in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Political Science, 24(2), 237-265.
Nettler, R. L. (2002). Islam, politics and democracy: Mohamed Talbi and Islamic modernism. The Political Quarterly, 71(1), 50-59.
Parmentier, M. J. (1999). Secularization and Islamization in Morocco and Algeria. The Journal of North African Studies, 4(4), 27-50.
Piattoni, S. (2001). Clientelism in historical and comparative perspective. In S. Piattoni, Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: the European experience in historical and comparative perspective (pp. 1-30). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Powell, J. D. (1970). Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics. American Political Science Review, 64(2), 411-426.
Release, P. (2018, July 28). Zaker party to take part in nat'l polls. The Independent. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The Independent. Retrieved from http://m.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/159733/2018-07-28
Riaz , A., & Fair, C. C. (2011). Introduction. In A. Riaz, & C. C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: Routledge.
Riaz, A. (2014). Islamist parties, election and democracy in Bangladesh. In M. Quinn, & C. Julie, Islamist Parties and Political Normalization in the Muslim World (pp. 156-174). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University Press.
Riaz, A. (2016). Bangladesh: a political history since independence . London: I B Tauris.
Riaz, A. (2017). Lived Islam & Islamism in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Prothoma Prokashan.
Riaz, A. (2019). Voting in a Hybrid Regime: explaining the 2018 Bangladeshi election. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riaz, A., & Naser, M. (2011). Islamist politics and popular culture. In A. Riaz , & C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 136-152). New York : Routledge.
Riaz, A., & Raji, A. R. (2011). Who are the Islamists? In A. Riaz, & C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 46-70). New York, NY: Routledge.
Riaz, A., & Raji, K. (2011). Who are the Islamists? In A. Riaz , & C. Fair, Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (pp. 46-70). New York: Routledge.
Roniger, L. (1990). Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil. New York, NY: Praeger.
Salih, M. A., & El-Tom, A. O. (2009). Introduction. In M. A. Salih, Interpreting Islamic Political Parties (pp. 1-28). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sartori, G. (2005). Parties and Party Systems: a framework for analysis. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Shakil, S. T. (2018, May 19). Vote politics: the silent rise of Islami Andolan. Dhaka Tribune. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/05/19/vote-politics-the-silent-rise-of-islami-andolan
Siddiqui, K. (1985). Primary goals and achievements of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. In K. Siddiqui, Issues in the Islamic Movement, 1983-84 (1403-04). London: Open Press.
Sinno, A. H., & Khanani, A. (2009). Of opportunities and organization? when do Islamist parties choose to compete electorally? In M. A. Salih, Interpreting Islamic Political Parties (pp. 29-50). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Soage, A. B. (2014). Shura and Democracy: two sides of the same coin? Religion Compass, 8(3), 90-103.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality: how today's divided society endangers our future. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
Tullock, G. (1993). Rent Seeking. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar.
UNB. (2018, November 11). JSD, Tarikat Federation want to use 'Boat' symbol. United News of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: United News of Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://unb.com.bd/category/Politics/jsd-tarikat-federation-want-to-use-boat-symbol/6239
Voll, J. O. (2007). Islam and democracy: is modernization a barrier. Religion Compass, 1(1), 170-178.
Ware, A. (1996). Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.